Present Tense 3 is the sixth (assuming read left to right) skill in the language tree for Welsh. In this skill, the student of Welsh learns about the difference between ti and chi, as well as more present tense verbs. The skill has five lessons.
Grammar Notes[]
Ti or Chi?[]
Which do you use, ti or chi?
| ti | chi |
|---|---|
use ti when you are...
|
use chi when you...
|
Pronouns and the full present tense[]
This skill also teaches the remaining grammatical persons he, she, we, and they, so now we have them all! Here's a table to summarize:
| English | Welsh Statement | Welsh Question | Welsh Negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| I am | (ry)dw i | (y)dw i? | (dy)dw i ddim |
| you are | rwyt ti | wyt ti? | dwyt ti ddim |
| he is | mae e/o | ydy e/o? | dydy/dyw e/o ddim |
| she is | mae hi | ydy hi? | dydy hi ddim |
| we are | (ry)dyn ni | ydyn ni? | (dy)dyn ni ddim |
| you are | (ry)dych chi | (y)dych chi? | (dy)dych chi ddim |
| they are | maen nhw | ydyn nhw? | (dy)dyn nhw ddim |
Some other important notes:
- e is more common in the south and west, o in the northwest of Wales. Duolingo accepts both.
- mae is used with any noun, irregardless of whether it's singular or plural.
- yw can also be used in emphatic sentences (like Draig yw/ydy hi.) but never as a question. Dydy and dyw are interchangeable, however.
- Duolingo will always accept the statement versions without the r or ry at the beginning, but some news media and more formal contexts might prefer these forms. Same thing for the negatives beginning with dy.
- North Welsh speakers might use forms like dan nhw, dan ni and dach chi as well, but Duolingo does not always accept these.
- The question form is also the way you say "yes" or "no" (by adding nac in front). Think of it like saying "Yes, I do." and "No, she doesn't." Emphatic sentences will use ie and nage instead of this form.
Lessons[]
Lesson 1[]
- wyt ti = you are
- gweithio = to work
- sgipio = to skip
- caru = to love
- o gwbl = at all
- cyfrif = to count
Lesson 2[]
- mae hi/o/e = she/he is
- ydy hi/o/e = is she/he?
- gwrando ar = to listen
- hwylio = to sail
- dwlu ar = to really like
Lesson 3[]
- dyn ni = we are
- ydyn ni = are we?
- maen nhw = they are
- ydyn nhw = are they?
- sglefrio = to skate
- drws = door
- drysau = doors
- cau = to close
- agor = to open
Lesson 4[]
- dydy hi/o/e ddim = she/he isn't/doesn't
- dyw hi/o/e ddim = she/he isn't/doesn't
- iâ = ice
- chwerthin = to laugh
- cerddoriaeth = music
- gwenu = to smile
- Castell-Nedd = Neath
- smygu = to smoke
Lesson 5[]
- Manceinion = Manchester
- ofnadwy = terrible
- gweddol = not bad
- mynd am dro = to go for a walk
- lliwio = to color
- llun = picture
References[]
Duolingo Lesson: www.duolingo.com/skill/cy/Present-3